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What is OOP? Principles & Benefits, Classes & Objects: Creating and Using Objects, Constructors: Default, Parameterized, Copy Constructor, this Keyword & Method Chaining, Static vs Instance Members, Encapsulation: Getters & Setters, Inheritance: Types (Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical), Method Overriding vs Overloading, super Keyword in Inheritance, final Keyword: Variables, Methods, and Classes, Abstraction: Abstract Classes vs Interfaces, Interface Implementation & Default Methods, Multiple Inheritance in Java (Using Interfaces), Polymorphism: Compile-time vs Runtime, Nested & Inner Classes, Anonymous Inner Classes, Java Lambda Expressions & Functional Interfaces, Java Enum & Custom Enum Methods, Annotations: @Override, @Deprecated, @FunctionalInterface, Understanding Object Class & toString() Method, Cloning Objects in Java, Garbage Collection & finalize() Method, Comparing Objects using equals() and hashCode(), Best Practices for Object-Oriented Programming.

What are Exceptions?, Difference Between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions, Java Exception Hierarchy, Handling Exceptions using try- catch, Multiple catch Blocks, finally Block: When and How to Use It, throw Keyword: Throwing Custom Exceptions, throws Keyword: Declaring Exceptions, Creating Custom Exceptions, Exception Propagation in Java, Stack Trace Analysis, Handling NullPointerException, Handling ArithmeticException (Divide by Zero), Handling ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, Handling ClassNotFoundException, Handling FileNotFoundException, Handling NumberFormatException, Handling IOException & SQLException, Using Assertions for Debugging, Multi-Catch Exception Handling, Try- With-Resources for Automatic Resource Management, Logging Exception Detailsusing Java Logger, Rethrowing Exceptions in Java, Using Custom Exception Messages, Best Practices for Exception Handling.

Introduction to Java I/O Streams, Byte Streams vs Character Streams, File Class & File Operations, Creating and Deleting Files in Java, Reading and Writing Text Files, BufferedReader & BufferedWriter, FileReader & FileWriter, InputStreamReader & OutputStreamWriter, Reading Console Input Using Scanner Class, FileInputStream & FileOutputStream, Copying File Content Using Streams, Random Access File Handling, Serialization & Deserialization, ObjectInputStream & ObjectOutputStream, Using Properties File in Java, ZIP File Handling in Java, Reading and Writing JSON Files, Reading and Writing CSV Files, Handling Large Files Using Streams, Understanding Charset and Encoding, Working with NIO Package for Fast File Handling, Java 8 File I/O Enhancements (Files API), Writing a Simple File Handling Utility Class, Exception Handling in File Operations, Best Practices for Java File Handling.

What is Multithreading? Benefits & Use Cases, Thread Lifecycle & States, Creating Threads Using Thread Class, Creating Threads Using Runnable Interface, Difference Between start() and run() Method, Thread Synchronization Techniques, synchronized Keyword & synchronized Blocks, Inter-thread Communication (wait(), notify(), notifyAll()), Deadlock: Causes & Prevention, Using ReentrantLock for Synchronization, Thread Priorities & ThreadGroup, ThreadPool Executor Framework, Callable vs Runnable Interface, Future & CompletableFuture in Java 8, ForkJoin Framework for Parallel Processing, Timer and TimerTask for Scheduling Tasks, Atomic Variables for Lock-Free Synchronization, Java Memory Model & Volatile Keyword, Semaphore & CountdownLatch for Thread Synchronization, CyclicBarrier & Phaser for Coordinating Threads, Parallel Streams in Java 8, Working with Concurrent Collections, Handling InterruptedException, Writing a Multithreaded Java Program, Best Practices for Multithreading.

Introduction to Collection Framework, Differences Between Arrays & Collections, Collection Interface & Its Subinterfaces, Iterable, Collection, List, Set, Map Overview; List Implementations: ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack; Set Implementations: HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet; Map Implementations: HashMap, LinkedHashMap, TreeMap, Hashtable; Queue & Deque Implementations: PriorityQueue, ArrayDeque, How HashMap Works Internally?, LinkedHashMap vs TreeMap vs HashMap, Sorting Collections using Comparable & Comparator, Synchronization of Collections (Collections.synchronizedList), Fail-Fast vs Fail-Safe Iterators, ConcurrentHashMap vs SynchronizedMap, Performance Comparison of Different Collections, Introduction to Generics, Creating Generic Classes & Methods, Type Parameters in Generics, Wildcards (? extends, ? super), Bounded Type Parameters in Generics, Generics & Type Erasure in

Java, Working with Streams & Collections Together, Using Collections in Real-World Applications, Implementing Custom Collection Classes, Best Practices for Using Collection Framework.

Introduction to Regular Expressions, Understanding Pattern & Matcher Classes, Basic Regex Patterns & Syntax, Matching Single Characters & Character Sets, Quantifiers (*, +, ?, {n}), Anchors (^ for start, $ for end), Working with Groups & Capturing Groups, Matching Special Characters (., \d, \s, \w, etc.), Replacing Text Using Regex, Splitting Strings Using Regex, Validation Using Regular Expressions, Email Validation Using Regex, Phone Number Validation Using Regex, Extracting Data from Strings Using Regex, Regex for Date Format Validation, Using Lookaheads & Lookbehinds, Case-Insensitive Matching with Flags, Nested & Complex Regex Patterns, Optimizing Regex Performance, Using Regex in Java Streams & Collections, Finding and Replacing Multiple Patterns, Writing Efficient Regex for Large Text Processing, Using Java's Pattern.compile() & Matcher API, Testing Regex with Online Tools, Best Practices for Writing Maintainable Regex.

Introduction to Java Streams, Understanding Stream Pipeline & Processing, Creating Streams from Collections & Arrays, Creating Streams from Files & Strings, Intermediate Operations: filter(), map(), flatMap(), Terminal Operations: forEach(), collect(), reduce(), Sorting Streams using sorted(), Filtering & Transforming Data in Streams, Collecting Data using Collectors.toList(), toSet(), toMap(), Using findFirst(), findAny() for Element Retrieval, Checking Elements with allMatch(), anyMatch(), noneMatch(), Counting Elements with count(), Generating Streams with Stream.generate() & Stream.iterate(), Primitive Streams: IntStream, LongStream, DoubleStream, Mapping with mapToInt(), mapToLong(), mapToDouble(), Converting Streams to Arrays & Lists, Using Optional Class with Streams, Parallel Streams vs Sequential Streams, Performance Considerations of Parallel Streams, Working with Files & I/O Streams using Stream API, Implementing Custom Stream Operations, Debugging Streams Using peek(), Exception Handling in Streams, Writing Custom Collector Functions, Best Practices for Using Streams in Java.

Introduction to MySQL, Creating and Managing Databases, SQL Queries: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, Database Indexing and Optimization, Relationships and Foreign Keys, Using MySQL with Node.js (mysql2, Sequelize), Advanced Query Optimization, Transactions and Rollback Mechanisms, Data Normalization Techniques, Writing Complex Joins and Subqueries, MySQL Performance Tuning and Caching, Working with Stored Procedures, Triggers and Events in MySQL, MySQL User Management and Security Best Practices, Backup and Restore Strategies, Implementing Full-Text Search in MySQL, Scaling MySQL Databases (Replication, Partitioning), Hands-on Practice and Assignments.

 Introduction to JDBC & Database Connectivity, JDBC Architecture & Driver Types, Steps to Connect Java with MySQL, Creating a Database Connection in Java, Executing SQL Queries Using Statement Interface, Using PreparedStatement for Parameterized Queries, Working with CallableStatement for Stored Procedures, Fetching Data Using ResultSet, Handling SQL Exceptions in Java, Batch Processing with JDBC, Understanding Connection Pooling, Using DataSource for Database Connectivity, Performing CRUD Operations Using JDBC, Transactions in JDBC: Commit & Rollback, AutoCommit in JDBC and When to Use It, Setting Fetch Size for Performance Optimization, Handling NULL Values in JDBC, Working with Date & Time in JDBC, Mapping ResultSet to Java Objects, Writing a JDBC Utility Class for Reusability, Logging SQL Queries Using JDBC Logging, Writing Secure JDBC Code to Prevent SQL Injection, Best Practices for Writing Efficient JDBC Code.

Introduction to HTML & History, HTML Elements and Attributes, Semantic HTML & Importance, HTML Forms and Form Elements, Input Types and Form Validation, HTML Tables and Structuring Data, HTML5 Elements (Audio, Video, Canvas, SVG), HTML Meta Tags and SEO Basics, Creating Multi-page Websites, Links and Navigation Menus, HTML5 Storage (LocalStorage, SessionStorage), HTML Accessibility Features (ARIA), Using HTML for Email Templates, HTML Best Practices and Code Formatting, HTML Performance Optimization, HTML Boilerplate and Frameworks Overview, Introduction to PWA (Progressive Web Apps), HTML with JavaScript Integration, Hands-on Practice and Assignments.

Introduction to CSS & CSS Syntax, Selectors, Specificity & Inheritance, Box Model and Positioning Techniques, Float, Clear and Overflow Properties, CSS Flexbox and Grid Layouts, Media Queries and Responsive Design, CSS Variables and Custom Properties, CSS Animations and Transitions, Pseudo-elements and Pseudo-classes, CSS Units (px, %, em, rem, vh, vw), Backgrounds, Borders, and Shadows, Text Styling and Typography Best Practices, CSS3 New Features and Properties, Implementing Dark and Light Modes, CSS Preprocessors (SASS, LESS - Introduction), Using Google Fonts and Custom Fonts, CSS Frameworks (Bootstrap, Tailwind - Overview), Debugging CSS Issues, Performance Optimization in CSS, Hands- on Practice and Mini Projects.

Introduction to JavaScript, Variables (var, let, const) and Data Types, Operators and Expressions in JavaScript, Control Flow (if-else, switch-case), Loops (for, while, do-while), Functions (Named, Anonymous, Arrow Functions), Function Scope and Closures, JavaScript Objects and Prototypes, Arrays and Array Methods, String Manipulation and Regular Expressions, Events and Event Listeners, DOM Manipulation and Traversal, Forms Handling and Validation, Error Handling (try- catch, finally), JavaScript Timers (setTimeout, setInterval), JavaScript ES6+ Features

(Destructuring, Spread, Rest), JavaScript Best Practices and Coding Standards, Hands- on Practice and Assignments.

Introduction to Web Applications & Servlets, Difference Between CGI & Servlets, Servlet Lifecycle: init(), service(), destroy(), Writing & Deploying a Simple Servlet, HttpServlet & Handling HTTP Requests, GET vs POST Methods in Servlets, ServletConfig vs ServletContext, Request & Response Handling in Servlets, Redirecting Requests Using sendRedirect() & forward(), RequestDispatcher & Its Use Cases, Working with Servlet Filters & Interceptors, Implementing Session Management in Servlets, Cookies vs Sessions: Which to Use?, URL Rewriting for Session Management, Understanding Servlet Listeners, File Uploading Using Servlets, Exception Handling in Servlets, Logging & Debugging Servlets, Asynchronous Processing in Servlets, Writing a Custom Servlet Utility Class, Implementing Security in Servlets, Working with Servlet- Based REST APIs, Deploying Servlets in Tomcat Server, Servlet Performance Optimization, Best Practices for Writing Maintainable Servlets.

Introduction to JSP & Its Importance, Difference Between JSP & Servlets, JSP Lifecycle: Compilation, Initialization, Execution, Writing & Deploying a Simple JSP Page, JSP Scripting Elements: Declarations, Scriptlets, Expressions, Understanding JSP Directives, JSP Implicit Objects & Their Usage, JSP Form Handling & Data Submission, JSP PageContext & Request Attributes, Working with JavaBeans in JSP, JSTL (JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library), Using JSP Custom Tags for Code Reusability, JSP Expression Language (EL), Implementing MVC Architecture with JSP & Servlets, JSP Exception Handling & Error Pages, Session Management in JSP, Using JSP with Databases (JSP + JDBC), AJAX Integration with JSP for Asynchronous Data Loading, Working with JSP Filters & Interceptors, Securing JSP Applications, JSP Caching for Performance Optimization, Debugging JSP Applications, Deployment of JSP Projects in Tomcat Server, Writing Reusable JSP Templates & Components, Best Practices for Writing Scalable JSP Applications.

Introduction to Process Management in Java, Understanding Java Process vs Thread, Creating & Managing Processes Using ProcessBuilder, Inter-Process Communication (IPC) in Java, Using Runtime.getRuntime() for Process Execution, Handling Process Input & Output Streams, Managing External Processes in Java, Executing Shell Commands from Java Code, Using ProcessHandle API in Java 9+, Process PID & Metadata Retrieval, Monitoring and Managing Running Processes, Killing or Destroying Java Processes, Thread vs Process: Differences & Use Cases, Performance Considerations in Process Management, Parallel Processing & Task Scheduling in Java, Thread Synchronization with Processes, Memory Management in Multi-Process Applications, Fork-Join Framework for Parallel Execution, Working with Executors and Thread Pools, Deadlock & Starvation in Process Execution, Process Communication with WebSockets, Java 21

- Virtual Threads & Structured Concurrency, Debugging & Profiling Java Processes, Real-World Use Cases of Java Process Management, Best Practices for Efficient Process Handling.

Introduction to Spring Framework & Architecture, Understanding Inversion of Control (IoC), Dependency Injection (DI) Concepts, Types of Dependency Injection: Constructor & Setter, Spring Bean Lifecycle & Configuration, Bean Scopes: Singleton, Prototype, Request, Session, Java-Based Configuration vs XML Configuration, Using @Component, @Service, @Repository, ApplicationContext & BeanFactory Overview, Event Handling in Spring, Spring Profiles for Environment- Specific Configurations, Spring AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming), @Transactional & Transaction Management, Using @PostConstruct & @PreDestroy, Externalizing Configuration using application.properties, Introduction to Spring Expression Language (SpEL), Using @Value & @PropertySource for Configuration, Introduction to Spring Boot & AutoConfiguration, Understanding Spring Boot Starter Dependencies, Logging in Spring Boot with SLF4J & Logback, Introduction to Spring Events & Listeners, Exception Handling in Spring Applications, Actuator for Monitoring Spring Applications, Integrating Spring with Thymeleaf for UI, Best Practices in Spring Application Development.

Introduction to ORM (Object Relational Mapping), Difference Between JDBC & ORM, Configuring Spring JDBC in Applications, Setting Up DataSource in Spring, Spring JDBC Template API & Usage, Handling Transactions in Spring JDBC, CRUD Operations using Spring JDBC, Batch Processing using JDBC Template, Exception Handling in JDBC Template, Introduction to Spring ORM, Integrating Spring with Hibernate, Using @Transactional for Declarative Transactions, Configuring Hibernate with Spring Boot, Defining Entities & Relationships in Hibernate, Working with Hibernate SessionFactory, Using Hibernate Criteria API for Queries, Querying Databases using HQL (Hibernate Query Language), Named Queries & Native Queries in Hibernate, Connection Pooling with HikariCP, Lazy vs Eager Loading in Hibernate, Caching Mechanisms in Hibernate (First & Second-Level Cache), Using EntityManager with Spring ORM, Auditing & Logging Database Transactions, Best Practices for Database Performance Optimization, Error Handling & Debugging in ORM Applications.

Introduction to NoSQL and MongoDB, CRUD Operations in MongoDB, Data Modeling and Indexing, Aggregation Framework in MongoDB, Using MongoDB with Mongoose, Understanding MongoDB Replication, Sharding and Load Balancing in MongoDB, Working with MongoDB Atlas, Data Backup and Restoration in MongoDB, Query Optimization in MongoDB, Working with MongoDB Transactions, MongoDB Performance Monitoring and Troubleshooting, Security Best Practices for

MongoDB, Implementing Multi-Tenant Applications with MongoDB, Managing Large Datasets Efficiently, Hands-on Practice and Assignments.

What is Hibernate ORM? Features & Benefits, Configuring Hibernate in a Java Application, Mapping Entities & Relationships, Working with Hibernate Annotations, Hibernate Configuration File (hibernate.cfg.xml), SessionFactory & Session Management, Performing CRUD Operations with Hibernate, Hibernate Caching Strategies (1st Level & 2nd Level), Querying with Hibernate Criteria API, Named Queries & Native SQL in Hibernate, Relationship Mapping: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many, Inheritance Mapping Strategies in Hibernate, Using @Embeddable & @Embedded for Composite Objects, Using @Lob for Large Data Storage (BLOB & CLOB), Hibernate Transactions & ACID Compliance, Batch Processing & Performance Optimization in Hibernate, Lazy vs Eager Loading in Hibernate, Using Projections in Hibernate, Dynamic Queries using Hibernate Query Language (HQL), Indexing & Full-Text Search in Hibernate, Connection Pooling with Hibernate (HikariCP), Database Auditing with Hibernate Envers, Implementing Soft Delete in Hibernate, Hibernate with NoSQL Databases (MongoDB), Best Practices for Hibernate in Enterprise Applications.

Introduction to Spring MVC & MVC Architecture, Configuring Spring MVC in a Project, Understanding DispatcherServlet & Request Flow, Handling HTTP Requests with @Controller & @RestController, Working with @RequestMapping & @GetMapping/@PostMapping, Understanding Model, View, and Controller Separation, Binding Form Data Using @ModelAttribute, Handling Form Validations in Spring MVC, Using @PathVariable & @RequestParam, Exception Handling in Spring MVC using @ControllerAdvice, File Uploading & Downloading in Spring MVC, Working with View Technologies (JSP, Thymeleaf), Integrating Spring MVC with Hibernate ORM, Handling JSON Responses in Spring MVC, Pagination & Sorting in Spring MVC Applications, Consuming REST APIs in Spring MVC, CORS Handling in Spring MVC, Implementing Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Session Management in Spring MVC, Interceptors & Filters in Spring MVC, Customizing HTTP Responses in Spring MVC, Performance Tuning & Optimization for Spring MVC, Deploying Spring MVC Applications in Tomcat, Implementing Logging & Monitoring in Spring MVC, Best Practices for Developing Scalable Web Applications.

Introduction to Spring Data & JPA, Setting Up Spring Data JPA with MySQL & MongoDB, Configuring DataSource & Connection Pooling (HikariCP), Defining JPA Entities & Relationships, Using Spring Data Repositories (CrudRepository, JpaRepository, PagingAndSortingRepository), Derived Query Methods in Spring Data, Custom Query Methods using @Query & JPQL, Native SQL Queries with Spring Data, Pagination & Sorting in Spring Data, Optimizing Queries  with  Indexing  &  Projections,  Using  MongoDB  with  Spring  Data

(MongoRepository), Document-Oriented Storage with MongoDB, Introduction to Spring Security, Configuring Spring Security in a Spring Boot Application, Understanding Authentication & Authorization, Implementing User Authentication with Spring Security, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) & Authorities, Using JWT (JSON Web Token) for Authentication, Implementing OAuth2 Authentication, Encrypting Passwords with BCrypt & Spring Security, Securing REST APIs with Spring Security, CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) Handling, Securing Databases & Protecting Sensitive Data, Implementing Two-Factor Authentication (2FA), Best Practices for Securing Java Applications.

Introduction to Spring Boot & Features, Setting Up a Spring Boot Project (Spring Initializr), Understanding Auto-Configuration & Starter Dependencies, Application Configuration using application.properties & application.yml, Creating REST APIs with Spring Boot, Handling Exceptions using @ControllerAdvice & @ExceptionHandler, Logging with Spring Boot (SLF4J, Logback), Spring Boot Profiles for Multi-Environment Configurations, Spring Boot Actuator for Monitoring & Health Checks, Understanding Spring Boot DevTools for Faster Development, Consuming External APIs with RestTemplate & WebClient, Introduction to Microservices with Spring Boot, Testing Spring Boot Applications (Unit & Integration Tests), Optimizing Performance in Spring Boot Applications, Understanding and Using Spring Boot AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming), Implementing Internationalization (i18n) in Spring Boot, Best Practices for Developing Spring Boot Applications.

Introduction to REST API & Principles (RESTful Architecture), Setting Up a Spring Boot REST API, Creating REST Controllers & Handling HTTP Methods, Using @RequestMapping, @GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping, @DeleteMapping, Understanding Request & Response Handling in REST APIs, Handling Path Variables & Request Parameters, Validating Request Data with @Valid & @Validated, Exception Handling in REST APIs, Using ResponseEntity for Custom API Responses, Pagination & Sorting in REST APIs, Consuming REST APIs with RestTemplate & WebClient, Implementing API Versioning in Spring Boot, Securing REST APIs with Spring Security & JWT, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) in REST APIs, CORS Configuration for Public APIs, Rate Limiting & Throttling in REST APIs, Using API Gateway with REST APIs (Spring Cloud Gateway), Monitoring & Logging REST API Calls, Implementing OpenAPI & Swagger for API Documentation, Error Handling & Best Practices for REST API Development, Load Testing & Performance Optimization for REST APIs, Best Practices for Designing & Developing RESTful APIs.

Introduction to GraphQL & Comparison with REST, Setting Up GraphQL in Spring Boot, Understanding GraphQL Schema & Types, Creating GraphQL Queries in Spring Boot, Using Mutations to Modify Data in GraphQL, Implementing Field Resolvers in GraphQL, Nested Queries in GraphQL API, Using GraphQL Directives for Query Optimization, Pagination & Filtering in GraphQL APIs, Authentication & Authorization in GraphQL APIs, Handling GraphQL Errors & Exceptions, Batch Data Fetching with DataLoaders, GraphQL Subscription for Real- Time Updates, Query Performance Optimization in GraphQL, Combining GraphQL with Spring Data JPA, Using GraphQL with MongoDB in Spring Boot, Integrating GraphQL with Apollo Client, Monitoring & Logging GraphQL API Calls, Best Practices for Secure & Scalable GraphQL APIs.

Introduction to Unit Testing & Its Importance, Setting Up JUnit 5 in a Java Project, Writing Basic Test Cases with Junit, Understanding Assertions in JUnit 5 (assertEquals, assertTrue, assertThrows), Testing Exceptions in JUnit (@Test(expected = Exception.class)), Understanding Test Lifecycle Annotations (@BeforeEach, @AfterEach, @BeforeAll, @AfterAll), Running Parameterized Tests in Junit, Mocking Dependencies with Mockito, Using @Mock & @InjectMocks in Mockito, Stubbing Method Calls with Mockito, Verifying Method Calls & Interactions in Mockito, Mocking Static Methods with PowerMockito, Testing REST Controllers with MockMvc, Writing Integration Tests in Spring Boot, Testing Spring Boot Repositories with @DataJpaTest, Using @SpringBootTest for Application-Level Testing, Writing Test Cases for Service Layer in Spring Boot, Mocking External API Calls in Test Cases, Testing Security & Authentication in Spring Boot, Measuring Test Coverage with JaCoCo, Performance Testing Java Applications, Writing Custom JUnit Test Extensions, Best Practices for Writing Maintainable Tests, Real-World Case Study on Testing Java Applications.

Introduction to Agile - Agile principles & values, Benefits of Agile development; Scrum Framework - Scrum roles: Scrum Master, Product Owner, Development Team, Sprint planning, backlog management, daily stand-ups; Kanban Methodology - Visualizing work with Kanban boards, Managing workflow & limiting work-in-progress; User Stories & Acceptance Criteria - Writing effective user stories, Defining acceptance criteria; Continuous Integration & Deployment (CI/CD) - Overview of CI/CD pipelines, Importance of automation in Agile; Agile Tools - JIRA, Trello, etc.; Software Engineering Basics - Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Phases: Requirement gathering, design, development, testing, deployment, Waterfall vs Agile comparison; Requirement Analysis & System Design - Functional vs Non-functional requirements, Software Architecture: Monolithic vs Microservices, MVC (Model-View- Controller) architecture; Design Patterns - Common design patterns: Singleton, Factory, Observer, Dependency Injection.